Pap Tests, HPV, and Cervical Cancer

One of the most important tools in this fight is the Pap test, which you will often hear referred to as ​“Pap smear” or ​“Pap”. This is a simple, yet effective test that looks to identify changes in cervical cells that may indicate the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells. It also allows for testing for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus, that leads to abnormal and precancerous cells within the cervix. These elements make a powerful defense against one of the most common cancers worldwide.

According to the National Cancer Institute in 2024 there was 13,820 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed and more than 300,000 women living with cervical cancer in the United States. When diagnosed early, the survival rate is almost 91%, but decreases significantly when diagnosed in later stages. 

What you need to know about pap tests, HPV, and cervical cancer:

1‑A Pap test is NOT the same as a speculum exam or pelvic exam. A pelvic exam is done to perform a Pap test but a Pap test is not done during every exam. 

2‑A Pap test is not needed every year. The guidelines for Pap testing are always changing, so make sure you ask your doctor how often testing is needed for YOU. 

3‑Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are linked to a persistent HPV infection. HPV infection can also increase your risk of anal, throat, vulvar cancers, and penile cancers in men. 

4‑The HPV vaccine protects against the virus that causes 90% of cervical cancers. We recommend this vaccine in all preteens, starting as young as 9, and up until age 26 (up to 45 in special cases). It is given at a young age to prepare their immune system to fight against the HPV virus. Ask your doctor about the HPV vaccination for you.

5‑Early stage cervical cancer may not cause symptoms. This is why routine Pap tests are so important. Talk to your doctor if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, or unexplained weight loss. 

Cervical cancer is largely preventable, and early detection through regular Pap tests and HPV testing plays a critical role in saving lives. By understanding the link between HPV and cervical cancer, staying up to date with screenings, and getting vaccinated, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing this potentially life-threatening condition.